Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are increasingly adopted in healthcare applications for continuous monitoring of vital signs through wearable devices. However, these networks are susceptible to various security threats, with Sybil attacks posing a significant risk. In this paper, we conduct a baseline evaluation of existing WBAN routing protocols under Sybil attack conditions. We analyze well-known routing protocols such as AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) for their susceptibility to Sybil attacks, measuring key performance indicators like Packet........

Keywords- Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN), Sybil Attacks, AODV, OLSR, Routing Protocols, Network Security, Packet Delivery Ratio, Energy Consumption.

[1]. A. M. Rahman, "Sybil Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 52, no. 18, pp. 43-48, 2012.
[2]. M. G. Bell, "Security and Privacy in Wireless Body Area Networks," *Proceedings of the International.
[3]. Aad, I., S., & B. D. Gupta, "Mitigating Sybil Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks, 2012.
[4]. Ming, Z., & X. Liu, "A Reputation-based Approach for Sybil Attack Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 43-48, 2012.

Extended- reach drilling engineering suffers from high non-production costs due to stuck incidents of drill strings. Therefore, determining the depth at which stuck occurs is important in this process. Measurement techniques are used to identify stuck locations, but these processes are time-consuming. and costly. Due to current operational limitations, calculation methods are still used to estimate stuck point depth. The analytical techniques used nowadays are only applied to vertical wells and do not take into account the inclination and azimuth changes as well as friction factors.........

Keywords- Extended Reach Drilling, Stuck Pipe, Torque and Drag, Free Point Tool, Software

[1]. Alshaikh, A., Magana-Mora, A., Al Gharbi, S., & Al-Yami, A. (2019). Machine Learning for Detecting Stuck Pipe Incidents: Data Analytics and Models Evaluation. Proceedings of the International Petroleum Technology Conference (IPTC-19394-MS), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Copyright 2019, International Petroleum Technology Conference.
[2]. Lianzhong, S., & Deli, G. (2011). A numerical method for determining the stuck point in extended reach drilling. Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, Ministry of Education, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China. © China University of Petroleum (Beijing) and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg..
[3]. Whitten R. Method for determining the free point of a stuck drill string. 1990. US Patent: 4966234.
[4]. Haduch, G. A., Procter, R. L., & Samuels, D. A. (1994). Solution of Common Stuck Pipe Problems Through the Adaptation of Torque/Drag Calculations. IADC/SPE Paper 27490, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
[5]. Obi, Chinemerem, et al. "Investigation of a solid particle deposition velocity in drag reducing fluids with salinity." Petroleum Research (2024)..

The purpose of this paper is to explore the monitoring method of road condition environment and driving safety based on YOLO and thermal property information. By integrating visual and thermal imaging data, it can make up for the deficiency of a single sensing method, improve the detection accuracy and robustness of various targets in the road scene, and provide all-round and multi-level protection for driving safety. The research content covers the front information recognition, vehicle side safety recognition and driver status recognition based on YOLOv8 algorithm. The effectiveness and superiority of the thermophysical information compensation method in different scenarios are verified by experiments. The safe driving detection method provides theoretical basis and technical support.

Keywords- driving safety; Driving monitoring and testing; Thermophysical image.

[1] Organization W H .Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015[J].Injury Prevention, 2015, 15(4):286-286.
[2] Doe, J., & Smith, J. Challenges of single sensor systems in complex environments: A review and case study. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical[J], 2021,321, 112345.
[3] Johnson, M., Thompson, R., & Lee, K. Application of thermal imaging for wildlife monitoring and conservation. Journal of Wildlife
Management[J],2020, 84(5), 987-995.
[4] Zhang, L., Wang, H., & Chen, Y. (2021). Real-time detection of vehicle tail lights using YOLOv4 for enhanced road safety. IEEE
Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems[J],2021, 22(8), 5123-5132.
[5] Chen, X., et al. Multimodal Feature Fusion for Vehicle Tail Light Detection. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning
Systems[J], 2022,33(1), 1-15.

This research focused on determination of vehicular traffic flow around the Central Business District(CBD) in Maiduguri township with the aid of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). A field reconnaissance survey was conducted to designate the peak hour periods. The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle or drone which is remotely controlled to a high elevation captured the scene of traffic from all trajectories using aerial videography . Results of the traffic volume data were considered based on different compositions and converted to the equivalent passenger car unit (PCU). In addition, averages traffic volume in terms of PCU for the designated peak hours were considered.......

Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Passenger car unit (PCU), Peak hour factor(PHF) and Central Business District (CBD).

[1]. Anuj, P. (2005). A survey of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for traffic surveillance. Department of computer science and
engineering, University of South Florida USA Re. 27195648:1-29
[2]. Benjdira, B, Kaouaa, A. Azar, A.T., Khan, Z., Ammar, A. and Boulila W., (2020). A Frame work for video based traffic analytics
leveraging artificial intelligence and unmanned aerial systems. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 114, 105095.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai2022. 105095
[3]. Butila, E.V. and Boboc, R. (2022) Urban Traffic Monitoring and Analysis Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs): A systematic
Literature Review, 14(3): 1-28
[4]. Chiou, J. (2012). Dynamical functional prediction and classification with application to traffic flow prediction, the annals of applied statistics. Institute of Mathematical Statistics. .6(4): 1588-1614, DOI:10.1214/12-AOAS595
[5]. Coifman, B., McCord, M. Mishalani, RG.; Iswalt, M. and Ji, Y. (2006). Roadway traffic monitoring from an unmanned aerial vehicle. IEEE Proceedings: Intelligent Transport Systems, 153(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-its:20055014

The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions has led to increased interest in biogas production from agricultural feedstocks through anaerobic digestion (AD). India, being an agrarian economy, generates a vast amount of agricultural waste, which presents a significant opportunity for renewable energy generation. This paper comprehensively examines the anaerobic digestion process, highlighting its technological advancements, feedstock availability, production potential, and economic feasibility in India. The paper elaborates on the four-stage process of AD, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. detailing the required.......

Keywords:anaerobic digestion, hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, methanogenesis, high- solid anaerobic digestion, two-stage digestion, up flow anaerobic sludge blanket, anaerobic membrane bioreactors

[[1]. Singh, P., & Kalamdhad, A. S. (2021). A comprehensive assessment of state-wise biogas potential and its utilization in India.
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery.
[2]. Greening Indian's Energy Mix With Compressed Biogas (CBG),Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi 'Comprehensive
Environmental and Social Sustainability Assessment of Bio-CNG as Vehicular Fuel in India'by The Energy and Resources Institute,
2023
[3]. Abanades S, Abbaspour H, Ahmadi A et al (2022) A critical review of biogas production and usage with legislations framework
across the globe. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:3377– 3400.https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s13762- 021- 03301-6
[4]. Akbulut A, Arslan O, Arat H, Erbaş O (2021) Important aspects for the planning of biogas energy plants: malatya case study Case Stud Therm Eng 26:101076. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. csite.2021. 101076
[5]. Archana K, Visckram AS, Kumar PS, Manikandan S, Saravanan A, Natrayan L (2024) A review on recent technological
breakthroughs in anaerobic digestion of organic biowaste for biogas generation: challenges towards sustainable development
goals. Fuel 358:130298. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. fuel. 2023. 130298

Multiplication is one of the most commonly used arithmetic operations in a wide range of applications, such as multimedia processing and artificial neural networks. Multiplier is one of the main causes of energy consumption, critical path latency, and resource utilization for these kinds of applications. In designs based on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), these effects become more noticeable. Still, the majority of cutting edge designs were created for ASIC-based systems. Moreover the majority of existing field programmable gate array (FPGA) designs are restricted to unsigned integers and necessitate additional circuits to accommodate signed operations......

Keywords:Multiplier, Energy consumption, Critical path latency, Multimedia processing, Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), ASIC-based systems, Signed numbers, Area-optimized design, Low-latency design, Critical path latency.

[1] A. Amaricai, M. Vladutiu, and O. Boncalo, "Design issues and implementations for floating- point divide-add fused," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II–Exp. Briefs, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 295–299, Apr. 2010.
[2] S. Ullah et al., "Area-optimized low-latency approximate multipliers for FPGA- based hardware accelerators", in Proc. ACM/ESDA/IEEE Design Autom. Conf. (DAC), 2018, pp.1-6.
[3] Intel. 2017, "Integer Arithmetic IP Cores User Guide. (2017)".
[4] LogiCORE IP Multiplier v12.0, document PG108, Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA, 2015.
[5] M. Kumm, S. Abbas and P.Zipf, "An Efficient Software Multiplier Architecture for Xilinx FPGAs", IEEE 22nd Sympo. on Computer Arithmetic, Lyon, France, 2015, pp. 18- 25.

In a real-time monitoring and alerting system that detects temperature, gas, and smoke levels for remote notifications in emergency scenarios faces challenges in sending alerts on time and monitoring local premises. This project aims to design a real-time monitoring and safety system that detects temperature, harmful gas, and smoke levels while activating suction fans for ventilation and sending alerts via a GSM module for timely intervention. The system incorporates DS18B20 (temperature sensor), MQ-series (gas sensor), and a smoke sensor, alongside a GSM module (e.g., SIM800L) for communication and suction fans controlled by a microcontroller (e.g., Arduino). The system monitors environmental parameters, activates suction fans to reduce hazardous conditions when thresholds are exceeded, and sends SMS alerts via the GSM module to predefined mobile numbers for timely action.

Keywords:xxx

[1]. S.S. Malik, V.K. Shukla, A. Mishra and S. Tiwari, "Design of low-cost IoT-based gas monitoring system," 3️rd International Conference on Sustainable Intelligent Systems (ICISS), 2020.
[2]. R. Gupta, A. Srivastava, and R. Gupta, "An IoT- Based Smart Gas Monitoring and Alerting System," 2016 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), 2016.
[3]. P. Shrivastava, E. B. Mathew, A. Yadav, P. P. Bezbaruah and M. D. Borah, "Smoke Alarm-Analyzer and Site Evacuation System (S.A.A.N.S.)," 2014 Texas Instruments India Educators' Conference (TIIEC), Bangalore, India, 2014, pp. 144-150, doi: 10.1109/TIIEC.2014.032.
[4]. Smoke Alarm-Analyzer and Site Evacuation System (S.A.A.N.S.). (2014). IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.
[5]. Zualkernan, I. A., Aloul, F. A., & Sagahyroon, A. (2018). IoT-based intelligent fire evacuation system for smart buildings. IEEE Access, 6, 8809–8817

Multiplier is the most essential and primitive element of multiply and accumulate (MAC) unit, and is typically found in many digital signal processing (DSP) applications. Conventionally the multiplication operation is carried out through repeated addition, hence multipliers use extensively the full adders (FA's) for the addition process. The energy efficiency of the multiplier is determined in terms of power delay consumed per bit operation. Thus, FA plays a vital role in determining the overall efficiency of the multiplier. In this paper, a study, design, and simulation of an 8-bit additive multiply module (AMM) using different FA circuit architectures is presented. Further, the designed AMM is compared against the traditional Braun multipliers in terms of design metrics. To perform comparison of all the multipliers, they are described using RTL codes, simulated and verified using Xilinx tool..

Keywords:Full Adder, Multiply and Accumulate, Braun Multiplier, 8 Bit Additive Multiply Module (AMM), Xilinx.

[1] Parameshwara, M.C., "Approximate full adders for energy efficient image processing applications" Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 30, issue 13, pp.1-17, Oct. 2021.
[2] P. Choppala, V. Gullipalli, M. Gudivada and B. Kandregula, "Design of Area Efficient, Low Power, High Speed and Full Swing Hybrid Multipliers," 2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS), 2021, pp. 929-934.
[3] A. Jain, S. Bansal, S. Khan, S. Akhter and S. Chaturvedi, "Implementation of an Efficient N×N Multiplier Based on Vedic Mathematics and Booth-Wallace Tree Multiplier" 2019 International Conference on Power Electronics, Control and Automation (ICPECA), 2019, pp. 1-5.
[4] M. Munawar et al., "Low Power and High Speed Dadda Multiplier using Carry Select Adder with Binary to Excess-1 Converter," 2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Smart Technologies (ICETST), pp. 1-4, 2020.
[5] Parameshwara, M.C., Nagabushanam, M. " Novel low quantum cost reversible logic based full adders for DSP applications. " International Journal of Information Technology. 2021, vol. 13, pp.1755–1761.

Voting in the paper was a time consuming and erroneous process. Voting by electronic voting machine (EVM) is a simple, secure, and timesaving technology. The proposed paper consists of the parties assigned to the election can be represented in the box along with the total number of contestants participating in the election process. Biometric is also included in the machine which is a key role paid to avoid fraudulent voters and to prevent fraud. In the voting process begins when a voter votes for a particular party through the bio metric process after the buzzer will display a notification of who voted for the party displayed on the screen. After the completion of the voting process the votes are confirmed by comparing the votes cast with the contestants in theirrespective The proposed method is useful for college level to all election boards and digital voting system for real- time applications ranging from community college elections to university level elections, as it has the advantageof being able to be reprogrammed to perform different functions according to the user's wishes, which helps to reduce prevalence expenditures.

Keywords: VHDL, FPGA LCD Display, Bio metric, Voting Machine.

[1]. Smith, T.F., Waterman, M.S.: Identification of Common Molecular Subsequences. J. Mol. Biol. 147, 195–197 (1981) .
[2]. May, P., Ehrlich, H.C., Steinke, T.: ZIB Structure Prediction Pipeline: Composing a Complex Biological Workflow through Web
Services. In: Nagel, W.E., Walter, W.V., Lehner, W. (eds.) Euro-Par 2006. LNCS, vol. 4128, pp. 1148–1158. Springer, Heidelberg
(2006)
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Polling Percentage Improvement System Through Embedded Based Integration Of electronic Voting Machine And Other
Methodologies – IJ ETA ETS ISSN: 0974-3588 | JULY ‟12 – DECEMBER ‟12 | Volume 5 : Issue 2 pp 1-5

Our project, "Optimized Wallace Tree Multiplier Using High-Order Compressors," focuses on enhancing the performance of multipliers in digital systems and signal processing applications. Adders and multipliers play a major role in designing complex circuits, but traditional multipliers consume significant area, delay, and power. To improve multiplier efficiency, multiple architectures have been designed. In this project, a Wallace tree multiplier is proposed to enhance speed using compressors. The key focus is on partial product reduction, which significantly impacts multiplier performance. Initially, 4:2 compressors are used for reduction. However, as the input bit length increases, complexity grows, making the multiplication process more time- consuming. To address this, multi-input compressors are used to further shorten partial products.......

Keywords: Approximate computing, Compressors, Multiplier, Partial product reduction.

[1] W . Liu, C. Gu, M. O'Neill, G. Qu, P. Montuschi, and F. Lombardi. Security in Approximate Computing and Approximate Computing for Security: Challenges and Opportunities. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2020.
[2] W. Liu, F. Lombardi, and M. Schulte. Approximate Computing: From Circuits to Applications [Scanning the Issue]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2020.
[3] A. Momeni, J. Han, P. Montuschi, and F. Lombardi. Design and Analysis of Approximate Compressors for Multiplication. IEEE Trans. on Computers (TC), 2015.
[4] S. Venkatachalam and S. Ko. Design of Power and Area Efficient Approximate Multipliers. IEEE Trans. on Very Large-Scale Integration Systems (TVLSI), 2017.
[5] M. Ha and S. Lee. Multipliers With Approximate 4–2 Compressors and Error Recovery Modules. IEEE Embedded Systems Letters (ESL), 2018.

The exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has paved the way for innovative solutions that enhance medical support and accessibility. This presents an Enhancing Digital Healthcare with AI: An Open Router-Based Medical Query System that empowers users with immediate medical insights through aconversational interface. The system integrates symptom-based diagnosis, drug information retrieval, and disease- related data........

[1]. Choudhury, A., & Asan, O. (2020). Role of Artificial Intelligence in Patient Safety. BMJ Health & Care Informatics, 27(3), e100164. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci2020-100164
[2]. Rajkomar, A., Dean, J., & Kohane, I. (2019). Machine Learning in Medicine. The New England Journal of Medicine, 380(14), 1347– 1358. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1814259
[3]. Obermeyer, Z., & Emanuel, E.J. (2016). Predicting the Future — Big Data, Machine Learning, and Clinical Medicine. The New
England Journal of Medicine, 375, 1216–1219.
[4]. OpenRouter API Documentation. (2024). Integrating Advanced AI Models for Healthcare Solutions. OpenRouter Docs.
Retrieved from https://openrouter.ai/docs
[5]. FastAPI Documentation. (2023). FastAPI: The modern web framework for building APIs with Python 3.6+. Retrieved from
https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/

This research involved extracting cellulose from sawdust, converting it into cellulose acetate (CA), and evaluating its performance as a bio-membrane for desalination of synthetic saline water. The experimental studies wereconducted using a fixed-bed adsorption column setup, to the desalinate synthetic saline water. The CA bio- membrane exhibited a high salt removal efficiency of up to 98.95%. Kinetic modeling was carried with theobtained results, using the Bohart-Adams.......

Keywords: Seawater, membrane, desalination, saline, synthetic, cellulose, sawdust.

[1]. United Nations (2021). UNITED NATIONS WORLD WATER DEVELOPMENT REPORT: Valuing Water. UNESCO, Paris UNITED
NATIONS EDUCATIONA
[2]. McGinn, P. J., Dickinson, K. E., Park, K. C., Whitney, C. G., MacQuarrie, S. P., Black, F. J., & O'Leary, S. J. (2012). Assessment of the bioenergy and bioremediation potentials of the microalga Scenedesmus sp. AMDD cultivated in municipal wastewater effluent in batch and continuous mode. Algal Research, 1(2), 155-165.
[3]. Pittman, J. K., Dean, A. P., & Osundeko, O. (2011). The potential of sustainable algal biofuel production using wastewater resources. Bioresource technology, 102(1), 17-25.

[4]. Shannon, M. A., Bohn, P. W., Elimelech, M., Georgiadis, J. G., Mariñas, B. J., & Mayes, A. M. (2008). Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature, 452(7185), 301-310.
[5]. Eliasson, J. (2015). The rising pressure of global water shortages. Nature, 517(7532), 6-6.

Image segmentation is a key aspect of computer vision applications, allowing the division of an image into different regions for analysis. In this study, we introduce a hybrid clustering approach that combines K-Means, Fuzzy C-Means (FCM), and Cluster Grouping Feature-weighted Fuzzy C-Means (CGFFCM) to provide enhanced segmentation accuracy and stability. First, K-Means clustering is applied to initialize clustercentroids, and then the refinement is conducted with FCM to address uncertainty in data. Last, CGFFCM fine- tunes the cluster assignments by integrating feature weighting and learning cluster variances adaptively. The

new approach is compared with the traditional.......

.......

Keywords: Image Segmentation, K-Means Clustering, Fuzzy C-Means (FCM), CGFFCM Optimization, Feature Extraction, Cluster Evaluation, Accuracy, F-Measure, NMI

[1]. Zhang, Y. J. (2006). "An overview of image and video segmentation in the last 40 years." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, IEEE.
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