Nanomaterials are chemical substance or materials that are manufactured and used at a very small scale called nanoscale. Nanoscale means size range from approximately 1 – 100 nm. Generally nanomaterials deal with sizes of 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension. It is a material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale. Nanomaterial exhibits unique microstructure and enhanced mechanical performance. That uniqueness attracted considerable attention in recent years and offer interesting possibilities related to many applications. This paper reviews the types, various properties and applications of nano materials and mention how grain size will affect mechanical properties of the material. Due to uniqueness of nanomaterial its applications are increased and have produced positive impact on researchers.

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Historic sites represent the identity of the city. The rapid urbanization and city-making process have led to the decay and neglect of historical sites. To recover historical sites from the decline process, a place-making approach is used as a tool. Complex areas, with a historical urban fabric symbolizing the city's origins and often linked to important historical buildings, form the center of historical cities in India. These areas serve as a central point of identity for the entire city and are often endowed with notable heritage buildings. One such historical location in India is the coastal stretch of Manapad. The town is referred to as "Little Jerusalem." The unplanned developments have tarnished the city's image by destroying its historical urban fabric and identity. The study's methodology is based on a field.....
Key Word: vestiges, historical vestiges, historic core, place, place-making, urban fabric

[1]. Abd El Gawad, N. S., Al-Hagla, K. S., & Nassar, D. M. (2019). Place making as an approach to revitalize Neglected Urban Open Spaces (NUOS): A case study on Rod El Farag Flyover in Shoubra, Cairo. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(3), 967–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.08.011
[2]. Akbar, P. N. G., & Edelenbos, J. (2021a). Positioning place-making as a social process: A systematic literature review. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905920
[3]. Akbar, P. N. G., & Edelenbos, J. (2021b). Positioning place-making as a social process: A systematic literature review. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905920
[4]. Bagiouk, S. M., & Sofianou, E. (n.d.). Historic buildings and urban area revitalisation through placemaking: A case study. In International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences (Vol. 7). www.noveltyjournals.com
[5]. Barbara, H., & Molnár, T. (2019). Towards understanding the colonial heritage in Algeria: The case of the Sheridan villa. Pollack Periodica, 14(1), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1556/606.2019.14.1.22

Background: Solid Wastes are discarded wastes and are generated from different sources such as sludge from a waste water treatment plant, water supply treatment plant or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials, business and industries, agricultural and community activities. Similarly, urban slums are the result of the rowing pace of urbanization and lack of affordable housing. Managing solid waste in the urban slum area is a major issue concerning Municipal Solid Waste Management. Poor sanitation, drainage and garbage disposal systems degrade the environment which results in hazards both to the physical and mental health of people living in slums area. The research was conducted during the period of 20 Slums areas within the ring road of Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Field observation, In-depth

Keywords: Solid waste management, Slum Area, Waste segregation, Recycling and Reuse.

[1]. M. R. M. and P. C. Hewett, "Urban Poverty and Health in Developing Countries: Household and Neighborhood Effects Author (s): Mark R. Montgomery and Paul C. Hewett Published by: Springer on behalf of the Population Association of America Stable, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 397–425, 2005.
[2]. K. Charan, "Munich Personal RePEc Archive Unacknowledged Urbanisation: The New Census Towns of India," no. 41035, 2013.
[3]. P. Kumar Rai and V. K. Kumra, "Role of Geoinformatics in Urban Planning," J. Sci. Res., vol. 55, pp. 11– 24, 2011.
[4]. A. D. Bank, "Solid Waste Management in Nepal," Abstr. Pap. 7th World Congr. ..., 2005.
[5]. S. Bakrania, "Urban poverty in Nepal," GSDRC Appl. Knowl. Serv., vol. 2014, pp. 1–13, 2015..

The present paper deals with spectral dynamic analysis of free torsional vibration of doubly symmetric thin-walled beams of open section. Spectral frequency equation is derived in this paper for the case of cantilever doubly symmetric thin-walled beam elastically restrained at the other end.. The resulting transcendental frequency equation with appropriate boundary conditions is derived and is solved for varying values of warping parameter and the rotational and transverse restraint parameters. The influence of the rotational restraint parameters and the warping parameter on the free torsional vibration frequencies is investigated in detail. A MATLAB computer program is developed to solve the spectral frequency equation derived in this paper. Numerical results for natural frequencies for various values of rotational and transverse restraint parametersfor various values of warping parameter are obtained and presented in both tabular as well as graphical form showing the influence of these parameters on the first fundamental torsional frequency parameter clearly.

Keywords: Beam, open section, torsion, dynamic stiffness, Winkler-Pasternak foundation.

[1]. D. YOUNG and R. P. FELGAR JR. 1949 Tables of Characteristic Functions Representing Normal Modes of Vibration of a Beam. University of Texas publication, No. 4913.
[2]. R. E. D. BISHOP and D. C. JOHNSON 1956 Vibration Analysis Tables. Cambridge University Press.VIBRATIONS OF GENERALLY RESTRAINED BEAMS.
[3]. T. C. CHANG and R. R. CRAIG 1969 Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers I|, 1027-1031. Normal modes of uniform beams.
[4]. E. G. PASSlG 1970 Nuclear Engineering and Design 14, 198-200. End slope and fundamental frequency of vibrating fuel rods.

The purpose of this study is to make an attempt at doing a full survey of blockchain technology by describing its structure in addition to several consensus methods. They also investigate the difficulties and potential benefits associated with the Internet of Things and cyber security. In addition, they investigate potential future developments that the technology may accommodate in the next few years. The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to create a vast network of devices that generate and share data to enable intelligent interactions between people and their surroundings. The IoT is open, heterogeneous, and dynamic and might speed up real-time applications. These traits raise security, privacy, and trust issues.........

Keywords: Blockchain, Internet of Things, Cybersecurity.

[1] Dwivedi, Vimal, Mubashar Iqbal, Alex Norta, and Raimundas Matulevičius. "Evaluation of a Legally Binding Smart-Contract Language for Blockchain Applications." Journal of Universal Computer Science 29, no. 7 (2023): 691.
[2] R. boomsom, Vichayanan, Muhammad Saleem Korejo, Javed Ali, and Uthen Thatsaringkharnsakun. "Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things (IoT) Applications in Healthcare: A Systematic Review of Current Trends and Future Opportunities." International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering 19, no. 10 (2023).
[3] Abu Jahid, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Trevor J. Hall, "The convergence of blockchain, IoT and 6G: Potential, opportunities, challenges and research roadmap," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Volume 217,2023.
[4] Deepika, P., and R. Agusthiyar. "A Systematic Review of Security Solutions for IoT Smart Environment with Defense Methods and Mitigation against Various Attacks–Brief Review." Harbin Gongcheng Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Engineering University 44, no. 8 (2023): 77-104.
[5] Al-Qahtani, Abdulrahman Saad Saeed A. "Towards Knowledge-Based Economy: Assessing the Ecosystem and Value Creation Drivers Through Cybersecurity, Intangible Assets and Blockchain Technology in Qatar." PhD diss., Hamad Bin Khalifa University (Qatar), 2023.

Concrete derives its strength by the hydration of cement particles and hydration requires sufficient moisture. The curing can be considered as keeping the concrete moist and warm enough so that the hydration of cement can continue. The principal aim of this study is to predict effect of curing period on the properties of concrete. The curing period was variable in this study. The properties of materials are determined according to ASTM specification and only one mix proportion is used. In this study, a series of concrete cylinders were cast and cured for 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Each specimen was tested at 28-days and basic properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were determined. Mix proportion 1:2:4 (by volume) was considered and water cement ratio was 0.5 (by weight). Specimens were immersed in water for curing..........

Keywords: Curing; Concrete strength; Hydration; Compressive and Tensile strength.

[1]. Aziz, M.A (1973) "Engineering Materials" 1st Edition.
[2]. Carino,N.J and Meeks,K.W (2000) "Curing of High Performance Concrete for Hossain, N.M "Structural Concrete"1st edition.
[3]. Hilsdorf and Burieke, (1992), "Influence of Initial Curing on Concrete
[4]. Nevil, A.M "Properties of Concrete" Third edition, London, Pitman Publishing Limited (119-339)
[5]. Nilson, H.A and Darwin.D. (1997), "Design of concrete structures"12th edition, Printed in Singapore.
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