Soil erosion is a worldwide problem that cause environmental degradation. The problem is severe in African countries including Ethiopia. Afa river watershed is also the victim of this problem. This study was aimed to estimate soil loss in the watershed by GIS based USLE model, and prioritize sub watersheds for soil conservation planning. Rainfall erosive effect, soil erodibility, topographic effect, land use land cover and supportive conservation practice factors were used as an input for the model to determine the amount of soil loss from the watershed. A combination of GIS application, Remote Sensing technique, and USLE model were used for soil loss estimation and the result showed that the annual soil loss from the watershed was in the range of 0 to 129.58 ton ha- 1year-1 with mean soil loss of 20.04 ton ha-1 year-1........

Index terms: Afa watershed, Soil loss, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

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1. Lithium ion batteries are used for enormous application across the globe. Its being widely used in armies also. The use of lithium batteries at low temperature has poor performance, whether charging or discharging, and may have an impact on life. Under low temperature conditions, the performance of lithium battery will decline, such as prolonged charging time, reduced charge and discharge, smaller battery capacity and faster power loss, which will affect the driving mileage of new energy vehicles. Low temperature conditions significantly reduces the battery power hence it is crucial to understand the various factors responsible for degradation of LIBs at various temperatures. For example a fully charged laptop in one place , if brought to a high altitude place immediately shows 10% charge just reaching there. In this paper the generic effects of both high and low temperatures on LIBs are covered and more focus will be on improving the performance of batteries in extreme cold climates. Low temperature LIBs are designed to operate in harsh environments where the temperature is below 0°C.

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This research is focused on natural gas and its prospects for effective utilization in Nigeria. Both primary and secondary sources were surveyed in collecting relevant and up to date data for the study. From the study, it was found out that Nigeria has presently 140 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, the largest proven reserve in the world and the largest in African. The country's current gas production of around 3.5 billion cubic feet per day exceeds the foreseeable needs of domestic and international markets, and about 74% of Nigerian gas is flared while the balance goes into field uses (e.g. re-injection) and other industrial, domestic and commercial consumers. Contemporary economic reality makes continuation of gas flaring in Nigeria most undesirable. The present study deals extensively on gas reserves, gas utilization options.......

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The World Meteorological Organization's data reveals that between 1920 to 2019 50% of recorded disasters were attributable to weather, climate, and water-related hazards. Furthermore, these events were not only accountable for 45% of reported fatalities but also translated into a staggering 74% of economic losses during this period. These disasters can be attributed to climate change, primarily fuelled by the release of greenhouse gases, with carbon dioxide being a significant contributor. This release stems from the burning of fossil fuels and the energy sector are a major contributor to these emissions. The transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources is essential to mitigate these environmental impacts.

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The global shift towards renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, brings with it the challenge of intermittency. Energy storage solutions have emerged as pivotal in ensuring grid stability and reliability. This paper delves into the various energy storage technologies, their integration with the grid, and their significance in the energy transition.

Keywords—Sustainability; Energy Transition; Energy Storage; Grid Resilience

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This article describes how the discovery of the universal mass-energy equivalence relation came about and tabulates the possible high, medium and low voltage Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Field-Effect-Transistors (MOSFETs) from different semiconductors which could be n-channel or p-channel devices. Some points are to be considered for the tabulated MOSFETs which are enlisted. Keywords: MOSFETs, Intrinsic defects, Semiconductors, Effective Mass, Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling.

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[3]. R.K. Chanana, "Linear model for the variation of semiconductor bandgap with high temperature for high temperature electronics", IOSR-J. Electrical and Electronics Engg., 2021;16(6):5-8.
[4]. R.K. Chanana, "Theoretical finding of the properties of a Si (100) MOS device", IOSR-J. Applied Physics, 2022; 14(3):5-6.
[5]. R.K. Chanana, "N-channel 4H-SiC MOSFET device on (112̅0) oriented epitaxial surface", IOSR-J. Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022; 17(3): 20-22.